Pigmentation — The Effect of Topical Sunscreen Plus Antioxidant Against the Visible Light Biological Effects
Citation(s)
Boukari F, Jourdan E, Fontas E, Montaudié H, Castela E, Lacour JP, Passeron T Prevention of melasma relapses with sunscreen combining protection against UV and short wavelengths of visible light: a prospective randomized comparative trial. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2015 Jan;72(1):189-90.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2014.08.023. Epub 2014 Oct 22.
Herrling T, Jung K, Fuchs J Measurements of UV-generated free radicals/reactive oxygen species (ROS) in skin. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2006 Mar 13;63(4):840-5.
Kollias N, Baqer A An experimental study of the changes in pigmentation in human skin in vivo with visible and near infrared light. Photochem Photobiol. 1984 May;39(5):651-9.
Porges SB, Kaidbey KH, Grove GL Quantification of visible light-induced melanogenesis in human skin. Photodermatol. 1988 Oct;5(5):197-200.
Wang SQ, Osterwalder U, Jung K Ex vivo evaluation of radical sun protection factor in popular sunscreens with antioxidants. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2011 Sep;65(3):525-530. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2010.07.009. Epub 2011 May 31.
Yakes FM, Van Houten B Mitochondrial DNA damage is more extensive and persists longer than nuclear DNA damage in human cells following oxidative stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 Jan 21;94(2):514-9.
The Effect of Topical Sunscreen Plus Antioxidant Against the Visible Light Biological Effects
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.