Ling J, Robbins LB, Resnicow K, Bakhoya M Social support and peer norms scales for physical activity in adolescents. Am J Health Behav. 2014 Nov;38(6):881-9. doi: 10.5993/AJHB.38.6.10.
Ling J, Robbins LB Psychometric Evaluation of Three Psychosocial Measures Associated With Physical Activity Among Adolescent Girls. J Sch Nurs. 2017 Oct;33(5):344-354. doi: 10.1177/1059840516685857. Epub 2016 Dec 29.
Robbins LB, Ling J, Resnicow K Demographic differences in and correlates of perceived body image discrepancy among urban adolescent girls: a cross-sectional study. BMC Pediatr. 2017 Dec 6;17(1):201. doi: 10.1186/s12887-017-0952-3.
Robbins LB, Ling J, Toruner EK, Bourne KA, Pfeiffer KA Examining reach, dose, and fidelity of the "Girls on the Move" after-school physical activity club: a process evaluation. BMC Public Health. 2016 Jul 30;16:671. doi: 10.1186/s12889-016-3329-x.
Voskuil VR, Pierce SJ, Robbins LB Comparing the Psychometric Properties of Two Physical Activity Self-Efficacy Instruments in Urban, Adolescent Girls: Validity, Measurement Invariance, and Reliability. Front Psychol. 2017 Aug 3;8:1301. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01301. eCollection 2017.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
