Phantom Limb Pain — Graded Motor Imagery in Phantom Limb Pain (GraMI Protocol)
Citation(s)
Anaforoglu Kulunkoglu B, Erbahceci F, Alkan A A comparison of the effects of mirror therapy and phantom exercises on phantom limb pain. Turk J Med Sci. 2019 Feb 11;49(1):101-109. doi: 10.3906/sag-1712-166.
Limakatso K, Corten L, Parker R The effects of graded motor imagery and its components on phantom limb pain and disability in upper and lower limb amputees: a systematic review protocol. Syst Rev. 2016 Sep 1;5(1):145. doi: 10.1186/s13643-016-0322-5.
Limakatso K, Madden VJ, Manie S, Parker R The effectiveness of graded motor imagery for reducing phantom limb pain in amputees: a randomised controlled trial. Physiotherapy. 2020 Dec;109:65-74. doi: 10.1016/j.physio.2019.06.009. Epub 2019 Jun 28.
Moseley GL Graded motor imagery for pathologic pain: a randomized controlled trial. Neurology. 2006 Dec 26;67(12):2129-34. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000249112.56935.32. Epub 2006 Nov 2.
The Effectiveness of Graded Motor Imagery in Phantom Limb Pain in Amputee Patients (GraMI Protocol)
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
