Peripheral Artery Disease — Estrogen Receptors and Peripheral Artery Disease
Citation(s)
Barton M, Prossnitz ER Emerging roles of GPER in diabetes and atherosclerosis. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2015 Apr;26(4):185-92. doi: 10.1016/j.tem.2015.02.003. Epub 2015 Mar 9. Review.
Boese AC, Kim SC, Yin KJ, Lee JP, Hamblin MH Sex differences in vascular physiology and pathophysiology: estrogen and androgen signaling in health and disease. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2017 Sep 1;313(3):H524-H545. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00217.2016. Epub 2017 Jun 16. Review.
Criqui MH, Aboyans V Epidemiology of peripheral artery disease. Circ Res. 2015 Apr 24;116(9):1509-26. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.303849. Review. Erratum in: Circ Res. 2015 Jun 19;117(1):e12.
Kublickiene K, Svedas E, Landgren BM, Crisby M, Nahar N, Nisell H, Poston L Small artery endothelial dysfunction in postmenopausal women: in vitro function, morphology, and modification by estrogen and selective estrogen receptor modulators. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Nov;90(11):6113-22. Epub 2005 Aug 30.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
