Peripheral Arterial Disease — Exercise Training in Individuals With Peripheral Arterial Disease
Citation(s)
Delaney CL, Miller MD, Allan RB, Spark JI The impact of different supervised exercise regimens on endothelial function in patients with intermittent claudication. Vascular. 2015 Dec;23(6):561-9. doi: 10.1177/1708538114558329. Epub 2014 Nov 18.
Gardner AW, Montgomery PS, Flinn WR, Katzel LI The effect of exercise intensity on the response to exercise rehabilitation in patients with intermittent claudication. J Vasc Surg. 2005 Oct;42(4):702-9.
Mika P, Wilk B, Mika A, Marchewka A, Nizankowski R The effect of pain-free treadmill training on fibrinogen, haematocrit, and lipid profile in patients with claudication. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2011 Oct;18(5):754-60. doi: 10.1177/1741826710389421. Epub 2011 Feb 9.
Parmenter BJ, Dieberg G, Phipps G, Smart NA Exercise training for health-related quality of life in peripheral artery disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Vasc Med. 2015 Feb;20(1):30-40. doi: 10.1177/1358863X14559092. Epub 2014 Nov 28. Review.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
