Peri-Implantitis — Association Between Smoking Habit and Peri-implant Diseases: a Case Control Study
Citation(s)
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ALHarthi SS, BinShabaib MS, Ahmed HB, Mehmood A, Khan J, Javed F Comparison of peri-implant clinical and radiographic inflammatory parameters among cigarette and waterpipe (narghile) smokers and never-smokers. J Periodontol. 2018 Feb;89(2):213-218. doi: 10.1902/jop.2017.170358.
Ata-Ali J, Flichy-Fernández AJ, Alegre-Domingo T, Ata-Ali F, Peñarrocha-Diago M Impact of heavy smoking on the clinical, microbiological and immunological parameters of patients with dental implants: a prospective cross-sectional study. J Investig Clin Dent. 2016 Nov;7(4):401-409. doi: 10.1111/jicd.12176. Epub 2015 Jul 14.
Bunaes DF, Lie SA, Enersen M, Aastrøm AN, Mustafa K, Leknes KN Site-specific treatment outcome in smokers following non-surgical and surgical periodontal therapy. J Clin Periodontol. 2015 Oct;42(10):933-42. doi: 10.1111/jcpe.12462. Epub 2015 Oct 28.
Casado PL, Pereira MC, Duarte ME, Granjeiro JM History of chronic periodontitis is a high risk indicator for peri-implant disease. Braz Dent J. 2013;24(2):136-41. doi: 10.1590/0103-6440201302006.
Chrcanovic BR, Albrektsson T, Wennerberg A Smoking and dental implants: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Dent. 2015 May;43(5):487-98. doi: 10.1016/j.jdent.2015.03.003. Epub 2015 Mar 14. Review.
Koldsland OC, Scheie AA, Aass AM Prevalence of peri-implantitis related to severity of the disease with different degrees of bone loss. J Periodontol. 2010 Feb;81(2):231-8. doi: 10.1902/jop.2009.090269.
Koldsland OC, Scheie AA, Aass AM The association between selected risk indicators and severity of peri-implantitis using mixed model analyses. J Clin Periodontol. 2011 Mar;38(3):285-92. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-051X.2010.01659.x. Epub 2010 Dec 15.
Kotsakis GA, Javed F, Hinrichs JE, Karoussis IK, Romanos GE Impact of cigarette smoking on clinical outcomes of periodontal flap surgical procedures: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Periodontol. 2015 Feb;86(2):254-63. doi: 10.1902/jop.2014.140452. Epub 2014 Oct 9. Review.
Marrone A, Lasserre J, Bercy P, Brecx MC Prevalence and risk factors for peri-implant disease in Belgian adults. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2013 Aug;24(8):934-40. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0501.2012.02476.x. Epub 2012 May 3.
Máximo MB, de Mendonça AC, Alves JF, Cortelli SC, Peruzzo DC, Duarte PM Peri-implant diseases may be associated with increased time loading and generalized periodontal bone loss: preliminary results. J Oral Implantol. 2008;34(5):268-73. doi: 10.1563/1548-1336(2008)34[269:PDMBAW]2.0.CO;2.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
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Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.