Hussein AM, Benedetto P, Sridhar KS Chemotherapy with cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil for penile and urethral squamous cell carcinomas. Cancer. 1990 Feb 1;65(3):433-8.
Kim ED, Kroft S, Dalton DP Basal cell carcinoma of the penis: case report and review of the literature. J Urol. 1994 Nov;152(5 Pt 1):1557-9. Review.
Oppenheim AR Sebaceous carcinoma of the penis. Arch Dermatol. 1981 May;117(5):306-7.
Oudard S TROPIC: Phase III trial of cabazitaxel for the treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Future Oncol. 2011 Apr;7(4):497-506. doi: 10.2217/fon.11.23.
Ravi R Correlation between the extent of nodal involvement and survival following groin dissection for carcinoma of the penis. Br J Urol. 1993 Nov;72(5 Pt 2):817-9.
Solsona E, Iborra I, Rubio J, Casanova JL, Ricós JV, Calabuig C Prospective validation of the association of local tumor stage and grade as a predictive factor for occult lymph node micrometastasis in patients with penile carcinoma and clinically negative inguinal lymph nodes. J Urol. 2001 May;165(5):1506-9.
Somogyi L, Kálmán E Metaplastic carcinoma of the penis. J Urol. 1998 Dec;160(6 Pt 1):2152-3.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
