Penile Cancer — The Role of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Preoperative Assessment of Primary Penile Carcinoma
Citation(s)
Cubilla AL, Barreto J, Caballero C, Ayala G, Riveros M Pathologic features of epidermoid carcinoma of the penis. A prospective study of 66 cases. Am J Surg Pathol. 1993 Aug;17(8):753-63. doi: 10.1097/00000478-199308000-00001.
Kayes O, Minhas S, Allen C, Hare C, Freeman A, Ralph D The role of magnetic resonance imaging in the local staging of penile cancer. Eur Urol. 2007 May;51(5):1313-8; discussion 1318-9. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2006.11.014. Epub 2006 Nov 13.
Veeratterapillay R, Teo L, Asterling S, Greene D Oncologic Outcomes of Penile Cancer Treatment at a UK Supraregional Center. Urology. 2015 May;85(5):1097-1103. doi: 10.1016/j.urology.2014.11.048. Epub 2015 Mar 10.
The Role of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Preoperative Assessment of Primary Penile Carcinoma
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
