Bing MH, Moller LA, Jennum P, Mortensen S, Lose G Validity and reliability of a questionnaire for evaluating nocturia, nocturnal enuresis and sleep-interruptions in an elderly population. Eur Urol. 2006 Apr;49(4):710-9. Epub 2006 Jan 13.
Chuang FR, Lee CH, Chen CS, Weng HH, Wang IK Bilateral moderate hydroureteronephrosis due to uterine prolapse: two case reports and review of the literature. Ren Fail. 2003 Sep;25(5):879-84. Review.
Floyd MS Jr, Casey RG, Bredin HC Procidentia: a reversible cause of hydronephrosis in an 80-year-old woman. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2008 Aug;19(8):1179-81. doi: 10.1007/s00192-008-0587-x. Epub 2008 Mar 11.
Gomes CM, Rovner ES, Banner MP, Ramchandani P, Wein AJ Simultaneous upper and lower urinary tract obstruction associated with severe genital prolapse: diagnosis and evaluation with magnetic resonance imaging. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2001;12(2):144-6.
Madersbacher S, Cornu JN Nocturnal polyuria: it's all about definition, and be Patient! Eur Urol. 2013 Mar;63(3):548-50. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2012.10.043. Epub 2012 Nov 2.
Yanik FF, Akpolat T, Koçak I Acute renal failure--an unusual consequence of uterine prolapse. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1998 Oct;13(10):2648-50.
Severe Pelvic Organ Prolapse and Post-Obstructive Diuresis (SOPPO) Pilot Study
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
