Pelvic Floor Disorders — Correlation of Anal Acoustic Reflectometry Parameters With Degree of Rectal Intussusception and Prolapse
Citation(s)
Collinson R, Cunningham C, D'Costa H, Lindsey I Rectal intussusception and unexplained faecal incontinence: findings of a proctographic study. Colorectal Dis. 2009 Jan;11(1):77-83. doi: 10.1111/j.1463-1318.2008.01539.x. Epub 2008 Apr 28.
Hornung BR, Mitchell PJ, Carlson GL, Klarskov N, Lose G, Kiff ES Comparative study of anal acoustic reflectometry and anal manometry in the assessment of faecal incontinence. Br J Surg. 2012 Dec;99(12):1718-24. doi: 10.1002/bjs.8943. Erratum in: Br J Surg. 2013 Jan;100(2):301.
Klarskov N, Saaby ML, Lose G A faster urethral pressure reflectometry technique for evaluating the squeezing function. Scand J Urol. 2013 Dec;47(6):529-33. doi: 10.3109/21681805.2013.776629. Epub 2013 Mar 19.
Mitchell PJ, Klarskov N, Telford KJ, Hosker GL, Lose G, Kiff ES Anal acoustic reflectometry: a new reproducible technique providing physiological assessment of anal sphincter function. Dis Colon Rectum. 2011 Sep;54(9):1122-8. doi: 10.1097/DCR.0b013e318223fbcb.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
