Baksi AK, Al-Mrayat M, Hogan D, Whittingstall E, Wilson P, Wex J Peer advisers compared with specialist health professionals in delivering a training programme on self-management to people with diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. Diabet Med. 2008 Sep;25(9):1076-82. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2008.02542.x.
Dale J, Caramlau I, Sturt J, Friede T, Walker R Telephone peer-delivered intervention for diabetes motivation and support: the telecare exploratory RCT. Patient Educ Couns. 2009 Apr;75(1):91-8. doi: 10.1016/j.pec.2008.09.014. Epub 2008 Nov 14.
Dale JR, Williams SM, Bowyer V What is the effect of peer support on diabetes outcomes in adults? A systematic review. Diabet Med. 2012 Nov;29(11):1361-77. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2012.03749.x. Review.
Deakin T, McShane CE, Cade JE, Williams RD Group based training for self-management strategies in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005 Apr 18;(2):CD003417. Review. Update in: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;6:CD003417.
Dennis CL Peer support within a health care context: a concept analysis. Int J Nurs Stud. 2003 Mar;40(3):321-32. Review.
Esliger DW, Tremblay MS Technical reliability assessment of three accelerometer models in a mechanical setup. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2006 Dec;38(12):2173-81.
Fischman J Who will take care of you? US News World Rep. 2005 Jan 31-Feb 7;138(4):44-6.
Heisler M, Vijan S, Makki F, Piette JD Diabetes control with reciprocal peer support versus nurse care management: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2010 Oct 19;153(8):507-15. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-153-8-201010190-00007.
Hibbard JH, Stockard J, Mahoney ER, Tusler M Development of the Patient Activation Measure (PAM): conceptualizing and measuring activation in patients and consumers. Health Serv Res. 2004 Aug;39(4 Pt 1):1005-26.
Kulzer B, Hermanns N, Reinecker H, Haak T Effects of self-management training in Type 2 diabetes: a randomized, prospective trial. Diabet Med. 2007 Apr;24(4):415-23. Epub 2007 Feb 12.
Lorig K, Ritter PL, Villa F, Piette JD Spanish diabetes self-management with and without automated telephone reinforcement: two randomized trials. Diabetes Care. 2008 Mar;31(3):408-14. Epub 2007 Dec 20.
Lorig K, Ritter PL, Villa FJ, Armas J Community-based peer-led diabetes self-management: a randomized trial. Diabetes Educ. 2009 Jul-Aug;35(4):641-51. doi: 10.1177/0145721709335006. Epub 2009 Apr 30.
Murrock CJ, Higgins PA, Killion C Dance and peer support to improve diabetes outcomes in African American women. Diabetes Educ. 2009 Nov-Dec;35(6):995-1003. doi: 10.1177/0145721709343322. Epub 2009 Sep 23.
Norris SL, Engelgau MM, Narayan KM Effectiveness of self-management training in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Care. 2001 Mar;24(3):561-87. Review.
Padgett D, Mumford E, Hynes M, Carter R Meta-analysis of the effects of educational and psychosocial interventions on management of diabetes mellitus. J Clin Epidemiol. 1988;41(10):1007-30.
Philis-Tsimikas A, Fortmann A, Lleva-Ocana L, Walker C, Gallo LC Peer-led diabetes education programs in high-risk Mexican Americans improve glycemic control compared with standard approaches: a Project Dulce promotora randomized trial. Diabetes Care. 2011 Sep;34(9):1926-31. doi: 10.2337/dc10-2081. Epub 2011 Jul 20.
Sarason I, Sarason B, Brock D, Pierce G Social support: current status, current issues. Spielberger CE. Stress and Emotion: Anxiety, Anger, and Curiously. Washington DC: Taylor and Francis; 1998
Siminerio L, Ruppert KM, Gabbay RA Who can provide diabetes self-management support in primary care? Findings from a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Educ. 2013 Sep-Oct;39(5):705-13. doi: 10.1177/0145721713492570. Epub 2013 Jun 19.
Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JB Validation and utility of a self-report version of PRIME-MD: the PHQ primary care study. Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders. Patient Health Questionnaire. JAMA. 1999 Nov 10;282(18):1737-44.
Tang TS, Funnell MM, Gillard M, Nwankwo R, Heisler M The development of a pilot training program for peer leaders in diabetes: process and content. Diabetes Educ. 2011 Jan-Feb;37(1):67-77. doi: 10.1177/0145721710387308. Epub 2011 Jan 10.
Tang TS, Funnell MM, Gillard M, Nwankwo R, Heisler M Training peers to provide ongoing diabetes self-management support (DSMS): results from a pilot study. Patient Educ Couns. 2011 Nov;85(2):160-8. doi: 10.1016/j.pec.2010.12.013. Epub 2011 Feb 2.
Tang TS, Sohal PS, Garg AK Evaluating a diabetes self-management support peer leader training programme for the English- and Punjabi-speaking South-Asian community in Vancouver. Diabet Med. 2013 Jun;30(6):746-52. doi: 10.1111/dme.12179. Epub 2013 Apr 17.
Toobert DJ, Hampson SE, Glasgow RE The summary of diabetes self-care activities measure: results from 7 studies and a revised scale. Diabetes Care. 2000 Jul;23(7):943-50.
From Clinic to Community: Using Peer Support as a Transition Model for Improving Long-term Diabetes-related Health Outcomes
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.