Pediatric Preoperative Anxiety — Use of Handheld Audiovisual Devices to Treat Pediatric Preoperative Anxiety
Citation(s)
Aono J, Mamiya K, Manabe M Preoperative anxiety is associated with a high incidence of problematic behavior on emergence after halothane anesthesia in boys. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1999 May;43(5):542-4.
Kain ZN, Caldwell-Andrews A, Wang SM Psychological preparation of the parent and pediatric surgical patient. Anesthesiol Clin North Am. 2002 Mar;20(1):29-44. Review.
Kain ZN, Caldwell-Andrews AA, Krivutza DM, Weinberg ME, Wang SM, Gaal D Trends in the practice of parental presence during induction of anesthesia and the use of preoperative sedative premedication in the United States, 1995-2002: results of a follow-up national survey. Anesth Analg. 2004 May;98(5):1252-9, table of contents.
Karling M, Stenlund H, Hägglöf B Child behaviour after anaesthesia: associated risk factors. Acta Paediatr. 2007 May;96(5):740-7.
Low DK, Pittaway AP The 'iPhone' induction - a novel use for the Apple iPhone. Paediatr Anaesth. 2008 Jun;18(6):573-4. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9592.2008.02498.x. Epub 2008 Feb 28.
Macario A, Weinger M, Truong P, Lee M Which clinical anesthesia outcomes are both common and important to avoid? The perspective of a panel of expert anesthesiologists. Anesth Analg. 1999 May;88(5):1085-91.
Maranets I, Kain ZN Preoperative anxiety and intraoperative anesthetic requirements. Anesth Analg. 1999 Dec;89(6):1346-51.
Vagnoli L, Caprilli S, Robiglio A, Messeri A Clown doctors as a treatment for preoperative anxiety in children: a randomized, prospective study. Pediatrics. 2005 Oct;116(4):e563-7.
Watson A, Srinivas J, Daniels L, Visram A Preparation of parents by teaching of distraction techniques does not reduce child anxiety at anaesthetic induction. Paediatr Anaesth 2002;12:823-824.
Use of Handheld Audiovisual Devices to Treat Pediatric Preoperative Anxiety: A Randomized Control Trial.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
