Patient Preference — Patients' Willingness-to-pay of Endodontic Treatment
Citation(s)
Ernst J, Brähler E, Weißflog G [Patient involvement in medical decision making--an overview on patient preferences and impacting factors]. Gesundheitswesen. 2014 Apr;76(4):187-92. doi: 10.1055/s-0033-1361150. Epub 2014 Jan 9. Review. German.
Gelberg L, Andersen RM, Leake BD The Behavioral Model for Vulnerable Populations: application to medical care use and outcomes for homeless people. Health Serv Res. 2000 Feb;34(6):1273-302.
Vernazza CR, Steele JG, Whitworth JM, Wildman JR, Donaldson C Factors affecting direction and strength of patient preferences for treatment of molar teeth with nonvital pulps. Int Endod J. 2015 Dec;48(12):1137-46. doi: 10.1111/iej.12413. Epub 2014 Dec 10.
Patients' Willingness-to-pay of Endodontic Treatment
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
