Patient Education — Rapid Prototyping Models for Patient Education
Citation(s)
Challoner A, Erolin C Creating pathology models from MRI data: a comparison of virtual 3D modelling and rapid prototyping techniques. J Vis Commun Med. 2013 Jun;36(1-2):11-9. doi: 10.3109/17453054.2013.790011.
Gonzalez-Cota A, Kruger GH, Raghavan P, Reynolds PI Computational modeling and prototyping of a pediatric airway management instrument. Anesth Analg. 2010 Sep;111(3):649-52. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0b013e3181e5ea7c. Epub 2010 Jun 25.
Mori K, Yamamoto T, Oyama K, Ueno H, Nakao Y, Honma K Modified three-dimensional skull base model with artificial dura mater, cranial nerves, and venous sinuses for training in skull base surgery: technical note. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2008 Dec;48(12):582-7; discussion 587-8.
Schubert C, van Langeveld MC, Donoso LA Innovations in 3D printing: a 3D overview from optics to organs. Br J Ophthalmol. 2014 Feb;98(2):159-61. doi: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2013-304446. Epub 2013 Nov 28. Review.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
