Morton SU, Brodsky D Fetal Physiology and the Transition to Extrauterine Life. Clin Perinatol. 2016 Sep;43(3):395-407. doi: 10.1016/j.clp.2016.04.001. Epub 2016 Jun 11. Review.
P S, Jose J, George OK Contemporary outcomes of percutaneous closure of patent ductus arteriosus in adolescents and adults. Indian Heart J. 2018 Mar - Apr;70(2):308-315. doi: 10.1016/j.ihj.2017.08.001. Epub 2017 Aug 9.
Schneider DJ The patent ductus arteriosus in term infants, children, and adults. Semin Perinatol. 2012 Apr;36(2):146-53. doi: 10.1053/j.semperi.2011.09.025. Review.
Tilahun B, Tefera E Transient left ventricular systolic dysfunction following surgical closure of large patent ductus arteriosus among children and adolescents operated at the cardiac centre, Ethiopia. J Cardiothorac Surg. 2013 May 31;8:139. doi: 10.1186/1749-8090-8-139.
Zhan Z, Guan L, Pan W, Zhang X, Zhang L, Zhou D, Ge J Left ventricular size and function after percutaneous closure of patent ductus arteriosus in Chinese adults. Int J Cardiol. 2020 Sep 15;315:24-28. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2020.04.060. Epub 2020 Apr 22.
Left Ventricular Remodeling After Transcatheter Closure of the Patent Ductus Arteriosus. Comparative Study Between Different Age Groups
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
