Lenhart R, Thelen D, Heiderscheit B Hip muscle loads during running at various step rates. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2014 Oct;44(10):766-74, A1-4. doi: 10.2519/jospt.2014.5575. Epub 2014 Aug 25.
Willson JD, Ratcliff OM, Meardon SA, Willy RW Influence of step length and landing pattern on patellofemoral joint kinetics during running. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2015 Dec;25(6):736-43. doi: 10.1111/sms.12383. Epub 2015 Jan 14.
Willy RW, Buchenic L, Rogacki K, Ackerman J, Schmidt A, Willson JD In-field gait retraining and mobile monitoring to address running biomechanics associated with tibial stress fracture. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2016 Feb;26(2):197-205. doi: 10.1111/sms.12413. Epub 2015 Feb 4.
Step Rate Retraining to Reduce Injury and Disability: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
