Parkinson's Disease — One Pass thalamIc aNd subthalamIc stimulatiON
Citation(s)
Coenen VA, Allert N, Mädler B A role of diffusion tensor imaging fiber tracking in deep brain stimulation surgery: DBS of the dentato-rubro-thalamic tract (drt) for the treatment of therapy-refractory tremor. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2011 Aug;153(8):1579-85; discussion 1585. doi: 10.1007/s00701-011-1036-z. Epub 2011 May 8.
Coenen VA, Allert N, Paus S, Kronenbürger M, Urbach H, Mädler B Modulation of the cerebello-thalamo-cortical network in thalamic deep brain stimulation for tremor: a diffusion tensor imaging study. Neurosurgery. 2014 Dec;75(6):657-69; discussion 669-70. doi: 10.1227/NEU.0000000000000540.
Coenen VA, Mädler B, Schiffbauer H, Urbach H, Allert N Individual fiber anatomy of the subthalamic region revealed with diffusion tensor imaging: a concept to identify the deep brain stimulation target for tremor suppression. Neurosurgery. 2011 Apr;68(4):1069-75; discussion 1075-6. doi: 10.1227/NEU.0b013e31820a1a20. Erratum in: Neurosurgery. 2011 Jun;68(6):E1780-1.
Coenen VA, Prescher A, Schmidt T, Picozzi P, Gielen FL What is dorso-lateral in the subthalamic Nucleus (STN)?--a topographic and anatomical consideration on the ambiguous description of today's primary target for deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgery. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2008 Nov;150(11):1163-5; discussion 1165. doi: 10.1007/s00701-008-0136-x. Epub 2008 Oct 29.
Deuschl G, Bain P, Brin M Consensus statement of the Movement Disorder Society on Tremor. Ad Hoc Scientific Committee. Mov Disord. 1998;13 Suppl 3:2-23. Review.
Limousin P, Speelman JD, Gielen F, Janssens M Multicentre European study of thalamic stimulation in parkinsonian and essential tremor. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1999 Mar;66(3):289-96.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.