Parkinson's Disease — Expiratory Muscle Training in Patients With Parkinson's Disease
Citation(s)
Baker S, Davenport P, Sapienza C Examination of strength training and detraining effects in expiratory muscles. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2005 Dec;48(6):1325-33.
Chiara T, Martin D, Sapienza C Expiratory muscle strength training: speech production outcomes in patients with multiple sclerosis. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2007 May-Jun;21(3):239-49. Epub 2007 Mar 9.
Kim J, Davenport P, Sapienza C Effect of expiratory muscle strength training on elderly cough function. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2009 May-Jun;48(3):361-6. doi: 10.1016/j.archger.2008.03.006. Epub 2008 May 23.
Pitts T, Bolser D, Rosenbek J, Troche M, Okun MS, Sapienza C Impact of expiratory muscle strength training on voluntary cough and swallow function in Parkinson disease. Chest. 2009 May;135(5):1301-8. doi: 10.1378/chest.08-1389. Epub 2008 Nov 24.
Saleem AF, Sapienza CM, Okun MS Respiratory muscle strength training: treatment and response duration in a patient with early idiopathic Parkinson's disease. NeuroRehabilitation. 2005;20(4):323-33.
Wheeler KM, Chiara T, Sapienza CM Surface electromyographic activity of the submental muscles during swallow and expiratory pressure threshold training tasks. Dysphagia. 2007 Apr;22(2):108-16. Epub 2007 Feb 10.
Wheeler-Hegland KM, Rosenbek JC, Sapienza CM Submental sEMG and hyoid movement during Mendelsohn maneuver, effortful swallow, and expiratory muscle strength training. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2008 Oct;51(5):1072-87. doi: 10.1044/1092-4388(2008/07-0016). Epub 2008 Aug 26. Erratum in: J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2008 Dec;51(6):1643.
Expiratory Muscle Training in Patients With Parkinson's Disease
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
