Parkinson Disease — Physical Therapy and Cognitive Decline
Citation(s)
Amara AW, Memon AA Effects of Exercise on Non-motor Symptoms in Parkinson's Disease. Clin Ther. 2018 Jan;40(1):8-15. doi: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2017.11.004. Epub 2017 Dec 1.
Carlesimo GA, Caltagirone C, Gainotti G The Mental Deterioration Battery: normative data, diagnostic reliability and qualitative analyses of cognitive impairment. The Group for the Standardization of the Mental Deterioration Battery. Eur Neurol. 1996;36(6):378-84.
Murray DK, Sacheli MA, Eng JJ, Stoessl AJ The effects of exercise on cognition in Parkinson's disease: a systematic review. Transl Neurodegener. 2014 Feb 24;3(1):5. doi: 10.1186/2047-9158-3-5.
Reynolds GO, Otto MW, Ellis TD, Cronin-Golomb A The Therapeutic Potential of Exercise to Improve Mood, Cognition, and Sleep in Parkinson's Disease. Mov Disord. 2016 Jan;31(1):23-38. doi: 10.1002/mds.26484. Epub 2015 Dec 30. Review.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
