Parkinson Disease — Spinal Cord Stimulation for Gait in Parkinson Disease
Citation(s)
Agari T, Date I Spinal cord stimulation for the treatment of abnormal posture and gait disorder in patients with Parkinson's disease. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2012;52(7):470-4.
Giladi N, Horak FB, Hausdorff JM Classification of gait disturbances: distinguishing between continuous and episodic changes. Mov Disord. 2013 Sep 15;28(11):1469-73. doi: 10.1002/mds.25672. Review.
Hassan S, Amer S, Alwaki A, Elborno A A patient with Parkinson's disease benefits from spinal cord stimulation. J Clin Neurosci. 2013 Aug;20(8):1155-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jocn.2012.08.018. Epub 2013 Feb 26.
Liu HG, Zhang K, Yang AC, Zhang JG Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic and pedunculopontine nucleus in a patient with Parkinson's disease. J Korean Neurosurg Soc. 2015 Apr;57(4):303-6. doi: 10.3340/jkns.2015.57.4.303. Epub 2015 Apr 24.
Nagatsua T, Sawadab M L-dopa therapy for Parkinson's disease: past, present, and future. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2009 Jan;15 Suppl 1:S3-8. doi: 10.1016/S1353-8020(09)70004-5. Review.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
