Parkinson Disease — Sleep Disorder in Parkinson Disease and rTMS
Citation(s)
Arias P, Vivas J, Grieve KL, Cudeiro J Double-blind, randomized, placebo controlled trial on the effect of 10 days low-frequency rTMS over the vertex on sleep in Parkinson's disease. Sleep Med. 2010 Sep;11(8):759-65. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2010.05.003. Epub 2010 Jul 31.
Chaudhuri KR, Yates L, Martinez-Martin P The non-motor symptom complex of Parkinson's disease: a comprehensive assessment is essential. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2005 Jul;5(4):275-83. doi: 10.1007/s11910-005-0072-6.
Khedr EM, Al Attar GS, Kandil MR, Kamel NF, Abo Elfetoh N, Ahmed MA Epidemiological study and clinical profile of Parkinson's disease in the Assiut Governorate, Egypt: a community-based study. Neuroepidemiology. 2012;38(3):154-63. doi: 10.1159/000335701. Epub 2012 Mar 29.
Khedr EM, El Fetoh NA, Khalifa H, Ahmed MA, El Beh KM Prevalence of non motor features in a cohort of Parkinson's disease patients. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2013 Jun;115(6):673-7. doi: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2012.07.032. Epub 2012 Aug 16.
Khedr EM, Farweez HM, Islam H Therapeutic effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on motor function in Parkinson's disease patients. Eur J Neurol. 2003 Sep;10(5):567-72. doi: 10.1046/j.1468-1331.2003.00649.x.
Oerlemans WG, de Weerd AW The prevalence of sleep disorders in patients with Parkinson's disease. A self-reported, community-based survey. Sleep Med. 2002 Mar;3(2):147-9. doi: 10.1016/s1389-9457(01)00127-7.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
