Parkinson Disease — Tocotrienols in Parkinson's Disease (PD)
Citation(s)
Aggarwal BB, Sundaram C, Prasad S, Kannappan R Tocotrienols, the vitamin E of the 21st century: its potential against cancer and other chronic diseases. Biochem Pharmacol. 2010 Dec 1;80(11):1613-31. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.07.043. Epub 2010 Aug 7.
Farooqui T, Farooqui AA Lipid-mediated oxidative stress and inflammation in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Parkinsons Dis. 2011 Feb 15;2011:247467. doi: 10.4061/2011/247467.
Khanna S, Roy S, Ryu H, Bahadduri P, Swaan PW, Ratan RR, Sen CK Molecular basis of vitamin E action: tocotrienol modulates 12-lipoxygenase, a key mediator of glutamate-induced neurodegeneration. J Biol Chem. 2003 Oct 31;278(44):43508-15. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M307075200. Epub 2003 Aug 13.
Kuhad A, Chopra K Tocotrienol attenuates oxidative-nitrosative stress and inflammatory cascade in experimental model of diabetic neuropathy. Neuropharmacology. 2009 Sep;57(4):456-62. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2009.06.013. Epub 2009 Jun 23.
Sen CK, Khanna S, Roy S, Packer L Molecular basis of vitamin E action. Tocotrienol potently inhibits glutamate-induced pp60(c-Src) kinase activation and death of HT4 neuronal cells. J Biol Chem. 2000 Apr 28;275(17):13049-55. doi: 10.1074/jbc.275.17.13049.
Sen CK, Rink C, Khanna S Palm oil-derived natural vitamin E alpha-tocotrienol in brain health and disease. J Am Coll Nutr. 2010 Jun;29(3 Suppl):314S-323S. doi: 10.1080/07315724.2010.10719846.
Srikanth VK, Quinn SJ, Donnan GA, Saling MM, Thrift AG Long-term cognitive transitions, rates of cognitive change, and predictors of incident dementia in a population-based first-ever stroke cohort. Stroke. 2006 Oct;37(10):2479-83. doi: 10.1161/01.STR.0000239666.46828.d7. Epub 2006 Aug 31.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
