Parkinson Disease — Does N-Acetylcysteine Decrease Spontaneous Oxidation of Central Neural Dopamine in Parkinson's Disease?
Citation(s)
Goldstein DS, Holmes C, Sullivan P, Jinsmaa Y, Kopin IJ, Sharabi Y Elevated cerebrospinal fluid ratios of cysteinyl-dopamine/3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid in parkinsonian synucleinopathies. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2016 Oct;31:79-86. doi: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2016.07.009. Epub 2016 Jul 20.
Goldstein DS, Jinsmaa Y, Sullivan P, Holmes C, Kopin IJ, Sharabi Y Comparison of Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors in Decreasing Production of the Autotoxic Dopamine Metabolite 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde in PC12 Cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2016 Feb;356(2):483-92. doi: 10.1124/jpet.115.230201. Epub 2015 Nov 16.
Goldstein DS, Kopin IJ, Sharabi Y Catecholamine autotoxicity. Implications for pharmacology and therapeutics of Parkinson disease and related disorders. Pharmacol Ther. 2014 Dec;144(3):268-82. doi: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.06.006. Epub 2014 Jun 16. Review.
Does N-Acetylcysteine Decrease Spontaneous Oxidation of Central Neural Dopamine in Parkinson's Disease?
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
