Coyne KS, Matza LS, Kopp Z, Abrams P The validation of the patient perception of bladder condition (PPBC): a single-item global measure for patients with overactive bladder. Eur Urol. 2006 Jun;49(6):1079-86. Epub 2006 Jan 24.
Hoyles K, Sharma JC Olfactory loss as a supporting feature in the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease: a pragmatic approach. J Neurol. 2013 Dec;260(12):2951-8. doi: 10.1007/s00415-013-6848-8. Epub 2013 Feb 3. Review.
Vecchioli-Scaldazza C, Morosetti C, Berouz A, Giannubilo W, Ferrara V Solifenacin succinate versus percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation in women with overactive bladder syndrome: results of a randomized controlled crossover study. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 2013;75(4):230-4. doi: 10.1159/000350216. Epub 2013 Mar 28.
Wagg A, Dale M, Tretter R, Stow B, Compion G Randomised, multicentre, placebo-controlled, double-blind crossover study investigating the effect of solifenacin and oxybutynin in elderly people with mild cognitive impairment: the SENIOR study. Eur Urol. 2013 Jul;64(1):74-81. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2013.01.002. Epub 2013 Jan 11.
Zinner N, Tuttle J, Marks L Efficacy and tolerability of darifenacin, a muscarinic M3 selective receptor antagonist (M3 SRA), compared with oxybutynin in the treatment of patients with overactive bladder. World J Urol. 2005 Sep;23(4):248-52. Epub 2005 Nov 8.
Randomized Cross-Over Study of Fesoterodine on Urgency Episodes in Parkinson's Disease Population
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
