Pancreatic Cancer, Adult — Pancreatic Cancer Screening for At-risk Individuals
Citation(s)
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Corral JE, Mareth KF, Riegert-Johnson DL, Das A, Wallace MB Diagnostic Yield From Screening Asymptomatic Individuals at High Risk for Pancreatic Cancer: A Meta-analysis of Cohort Studies. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019 Jan;17(1):41-53. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2018.04.065. Epub 2018 Jun 30.
Gangi A, Malafa M, Klapman J Endoscopic Ultrasound-Based Pancreatic Cancer Screening of High-Risk Individuals: A Prospective Observational Trial. Pancreas. 2018 May/Jun;47(5):586-591. doi: 10.1097/MPA.0000000000001038.
Kogekar N, Diaz KE, Weinberg AD, Lucas AL Surveillance of high-risk individuals for pancreatic cancer with EUS and MRI: A meta-analysis. Pancreatology. 2020 Dec;20(8):1739-1746. doi: 10.1016/j.pan.2020.10.025. Epub 2020 Oct 9.
Kwon, R , Dust, H., McCarthy, S., Hosmer, A., Carulli, A., Scheiman, J., . . . Stoffel, E Outcomes of pancreatic cancer surveillance in high risk individuals. American Journal of Gastroenterology, 2019, 114 (Supplement), S19.
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Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
