Farley E, Masrour S, McKey J, Menter A Palmoplantar psoriasis: a phenotypical and clinical review with introduction of a new quality-of-life assessment tool. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2009 Jun;60(6):1024-31. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2008.11.910. Review.
Ko JM, Gottlieb AB, Kerbleski JF Induction and exacerbation of psoriasis with TNF-blockade therapy: a review and analysis of 127 cases. J Dermatolog Treat. 2009;20(2):100-8. doi: 10.1080/09546630802441234. Review.
Pascual V, Allantaz F, Arce E, Punaro M, Banchereau J Role of interleukin-1 (IL-1) in the pathogenesis of systemic onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis and clinical response to IL-1 blockade. J Exp Med. 2005 May 2;201(9):1479-86. Epub 2005 Apr 25.
Pascual V, Chaussabel D, Banchereau J A genomic approach to human autoimmune diseases. Annu Rev Immunol. 2010;28:535-71. doi: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-030409-101221. Review.
Pettey AA, Balkrishnan R, Rapp SR, Fleischer AB, Feldman SR Patients with palmoplantar psoriasis have more physical disability and discomfort than patients with other forms of psoriasis: implications for clinical practice. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003 Aug;49(2):271-5.
Seneschal J, Milpied B, Vergier B, Lepreux S, Schaeverbeke T, Taïeb A Cytokine imbalance with increased production of interferon-alpha in psoriasiform eruptions associated with antitumour necrosis factor-alpha treatments. Br J Dermatol. 2009 Nov;161(5):1081-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2009.09329.x. Epub 2009 Jun 5.
Wollina U, Hansel G, Koch A, Schönlebe J, Köstler E, Haroske G Tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibitor-induced psoriasis or psoriasiform exanthemata: first 120 cases from the literature including a series of six new patients. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2008;9(1):1-14. Review. Erratum in: Am J Clin Dermatol. 2008;9(5):347.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.