Pain — The Effect of Using a Stress Ball During Vaginal Examination on Anxiety and Pain Levels: A Randomized Controlled Study
Citation(s)
Apaydin Cirik V, Turkmen AS, Ayaz M Effectiveness of stress ball and relaxation exercises on polymerase chain reaction (RRT-PCR) test-induced fear and pain in adolescents in Turkiye. J Pediatr Nurs. 2023 Jul-Aug;71:135-140. doi: 10.1016/j.pedn.2022.12.001. Epub 2022 Dec 14.
Gezginci E, Iyigun E, Kibar Y, Bedir S Three Distraction Methods for Pain Reduction During Cystoscopy: A Randomized Controlled Trial Evaluating the Effects on Pain, Anxiety, and Satisfaction. J Endourol. 2018 Nov;32(11):1078-1084. doi: 10.1089/end.2018.0491.
Grundstrom H, Wallin K, Bertero C 'You expose yourself in so many ways': young women's experiences of pelvic examination. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 2011 Jun;32(2):59-64. doi: 10.3109/0167482X.2011.560692. Epub 2011 Mar 8.
Henrique AJ, Gabrielloni MC, Rodney P, Barbieri M Non-pharmacological interventions during childbirth for pain relief, anxiety, and neuroendocrine stress parameters: A randomized controlled trial. Int J Nurs Pract. 2018 Jun;24(3):e12642. doi: 10.1111/ijn.12642. Epub 2018 Mar 7.
Hilden M, Sidenius K, Langhoff-Roos J, Wijma B, Schei B Women's experiences of the gynecologic examination: factors associated with discomfort. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2003 Nov;82(11):1030-6. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0412.2003.00253.x.
Hudson BF, Ogden J, Whiteley MS Randomized controlled trial to compare the effect of simple distraction interventions on pain and anxiety experienced during conscious surgery. Eur J Pain. 2015 Nov;19(10):1447-55. doi: 10.1002/ejp.675. Epub 2015 Jan 30.
Kocabas P, Khorshid L A comparison of the effects of a special gynaecological garment and music in reducing the anxiety related to gynaecological examination. J Clin Nurs. 2012 Mar;21(5-6):791-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2011.03958.x. Epub 2011 Dec 15.
Kurt G, Ozcan NK The Effect of Virtual Reality On Pain and Anxiety Management During Pelvic Examination: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Midwifery Womens Health. 2024 Jan 4. doi: 10.1111/jmwh.13587. Online ahead of print.
Öner, N , & Le Compte, A. (1998). Süreksiz durumluk/sürekli kaygi envanteri el kitabi (2. Baski). Istanbul: Bogaziçi Üniversitesi, 15-79.
Spielberger, C D., Gonzalez-Reigosa, F., Martinez-Urrutia, A., Natalicio, L. F., & Natalicio, D. S. (1971). The state-trait anxiety inventory. Revista Interamericana de Psicologia/Interamerican journal of psychology, 5(3 & 4).
Tugut N, Demirel G, Baser M, Ata EE, Karakus S Effects of lavender scent on patients' anxiety and pain levels during gynecological examination. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2017 Aug;28:65-69. doi: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2017.05.006. Epub 2017 May 13. No abstract available.
Yanes AF, Weil A, Furlan KC, Poon E, Alam M Effect of Stress Ball Use or Hand-holding on Anxiety During Skin Cancer Excision: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Dermatol. 2018 Sep 1;154(9):1045-1049. doi: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2018.1783.
Zielinski J, Morawska-Kochman M, Zatonski T Pain assessment and management in children in the postoperative period: A review of the most commonly used postoperative pain assessment tools, new diagnostic methods and the latest guidelines for postoperative pain therapy in children. Adv Clin Exp Med. 2020 Mar;29(3):365-374. doi: 10.17219/acem/112600.
The Effect of Using a Stress Ball During Vaginal Examination on Anxiety and Pain Levels
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
