Aloisi AM, Ceccarelli I, Fiorenzani P Gonadectomy affects hormonal and behavioral responses to repetitive nociceptive stimulation in male rats. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003 Dec;1007:232-7. doi: 10.1196/annals.1286.022.
Daniell HW, Lentz R, Mazer NA Open-label pilot study of testosterone patch therapy in men with opioid-induced androgen deficiency. J Pain. 2006 Mar;7(3):200-10. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2005.10.009.
Daniell HW Hypogonadism in men consuming sustained-action oral opioids. J Pain. 2002 Oct;3(5):377-84. doi: 10.1054/jpai.2002.126790.
Fillingim RB, Edwards RR, Powell T The relationship of sex and clinical pain to experimental pain responses. Pain. 1999 Dec;83(3):419-425. doi: 10.1016/S0304-3959(99)00128-1.
Fillingim RB, Edwards RR The association of hormone replacement therapy with experimental pain responses in postmenopausal women. Pain. 2001 May;92(1-2):229-34. doi: 10.1016/s0304-3959(01)00256-1.
Forman LJ, Tingle V, Estilow S, Cater J The response to analgesia testing is affected by gonadal steroids in the rat. Life Sci. 1989;45(5):447-54. doi: 10.1016/0024-3205(89)90631-0.
Frye CA, Seliga AM Testosterone increases analgesia, anxiolysis, and cognitive performance of male rats. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci. 2001 Dec;1(4):371-81. doi: 10.3758/cabn.1.4.371.
Huang G, Travison TG, Edwards RR, Basaria S Effects of Testosterone Replacement on Pain Catastrophizing and Sleep Quality in Men with Opioid-Induced Androgen Deficiency. Pain Med. 2017 Jun 1;18(6):1070-1076. doi: 10.1093/pm/pnw159.
Katz N, Mazer NA The impact of opioids on the endocrine system. Clin J Pain. 2009 Feb;25(2):170-5. doi: 10.1097/AJP.0b013e3181850df6.
Von Korff M, Kolodny A, Deyo RA, Chou R Long-term opioid therapy reconsidered. Ann Intern Med. 2011 Sep 6;155(5):325-8. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-155-5-201109060-00011.
Androgen Replacement to Improve Patient-Important Outcomes in Men With Opioid-Induced Hypogonadism
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
