Pain — Less Pain in Neonates During Central Lines Insertion
Citation(s)
Al Hamod DA, Zeidan S, Al Bizri A, Baaklini G, Nassif Y Ultrasound-guided Central Line Insertion and Standard Peripherally Inserted Catheter Placement in Preterm Infants: Comparing Results from Prospective Study in a Single-center. N Am J Med Sci. 2016 May;8(5):205-9. doi: 10.4103/1947-2714.183011.
Bhatt et al Indications and complications of central venous catheterization in critically ill children in intensive care unit. National Journal of Medical Research 2012;2:1.85-88.
Costa P, Camargo P, Bueno M, Kimura A Measuring pain in neonates during placement of central line catheter via peripheral insertion. Acta Paul Enferm 2010;23(1):35-40.
Davidson A, Flick RP Neurodevelopmental implications of the use of sedation and analgesia in neonates. Clin Perinatol. 2013 Sep;40(3):559-73. doi: 10.1016/j.clp.2013.05.009. Epub 2013 Jul 12. Review.
Kumar A, Chuan A Ultrasound guided vascular access: efficacy and safety. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2009 Sep;23(3):299-311. Review.
Pettit J Technological advances for PICC placement and management. Adv Neonatal Care. 2007 Jun;7(3):122-31. Review.
Randolph AG, Cook DJ, Gonzales CA, Pribble CG Ultrasound guidance for placement of central venous catheters: a meta-analysis of the literature. Crit Care Med. 1996 Dec;24(12):2053-8.
Taylor RW, Palagiri AV Central venous catheterization. Crit Care Med. 2007 May;35(5):1390-6. Review.
Trieschmann U, Cate UT, Sreeram N Central venous catheters in children and neonates - what is important? Images Paediatr Cardiol. 2007 Oct;9(4):1-8.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
