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Brynskov T, Kemp H, Sørensen TL No cases of endophthalmitis after 20,293 intravitreal injections in an operating room setting. Retina. 2014 May;34(5):951-7. doi: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000000071.
Charles S, Rosenfeld PJ, Gayer S Medical consequences of stopping anticoagulant therapy before intraocular surgery or intravitreal injections. Retina. 2007 Sep;27(7):813-5.
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Davis MJ, Pollack JS, Shott S Comparison of topical anesthetics for intravitreal injections : a randomized clinical trial. Retina. 2012 Apr;32(4):701-5. doi: 10.1097/IAE.0b013e31822f27ca.
Friedman SM, Margo CE Topical gel vs subconjunctival lidocaine for intravitreous injection: a randomized clinical trial. Am J Ophthalmol. 2006 Nov;142(5):887-8.
Inman ZD, Anderson NG Incidence of endophthalmitis after intravitreal injection of antivascular endothelial growth factor medications using topical lidocaine gel anesthesia. Retina. 2011 Apr;31(4):669-72. doi: 10.1097/IAE.0b013e3181ef463d.
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Comparison of Three Different Anesthetic Approaches for Intravitreal Injections: A Prospective Randomized Trial
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
