Pain — Effect of Vibrating Tourniquet and Distraction Cards on Pain and Anxiety in Children
Citation(s)
Bergomi P, Scudeller L, Pintaldi S, Dal Molin A Efficacy of Non-pharmacological Methods of Pain Management in Children Undergoing Venipuncture in a Pediatric Outpatient Clinic: A Randomized Controlled Trial of Audiovisual Distraction and External Cold and Vibration. J Pediatr Nurs. 2018 Sep-Oct;42:e66-e72. doi: 10.1016/j.pedn.2018.04.011. Epub 2018 May 1.
Bukola IM, Paula D The Effectiveness of Distraction as Procedural Pain Management Technique in Pediatric Oncology Patients: A Meta-analysis and Systematic Review. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2017 Oct;54(4):589-600.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2017.07.006. Epub 2017 Jul 14.
Gerceker GO, Binay S, Bilsin E, Kahraman A, Yilmaz HB Effects of Virtual Reality and External Cold and Vibration on Pain in 7- to 12-Year-Old Children During Phlebotomy: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Perianesth Nurs. 2018 Dec;33(6):981-989. doi: 10.1016/j.jopan.2017.12.010. Epub 2018 Mar 17.
Effect of Vibrating Tourniquet and Distraction Cards on Pain and Anxiety Levels During Phlebotomy in Children
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
