Pain — The Influence of Expectations, Attention and the Test Paradigm on the Efficacy of the Pain Processing System
Citation(s)
Bjørkedal E, Flaten MA Expectations of increased and decreased pain explain the effect of conditioned pain modulation in females. J Pain Res. 2012;5:289-300. doi: 10.2147/JPR.S33559. Epub 2012 Aug 17.
Cormier S, Piché M, Rainville P Expectations modulate heterotopic noxious counter-stimulation analgesia. J Pain. 2013 Feb;14(2):114-25. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2012.10.006. Epub 2012 Dec 20.
Lewis GN, Leys A, Rice DA, McNair PJ Subconscious manipulation of pain expectation can modulate cortical nociceptive processing. Pain Pract. 2015 Feb;15(2):117-23. doi: 10.1111/papr.12157. Epub 2013 Dec 11.
Nir RR, Granovsky Y, Yarnitsky D, Sprecher E, Granot M A psychophysical study of endogenous analgesia: the role of the conditioning pain in the induction and magnitude of conditioned pain modulation. Eur J Pain. 2011 May;15(5):491-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ejpain.2010.10.001. Epub 2010 Oct 28.
Nir RR, Yarnitsky D, Honigman L, Granot M Cognitive manipulation targeted at decreasing the conditioning pain perception reduces the efficacy of conditioned pain modulation. Pain. 2012 Jan;153(1):170-176. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2011.10.010. Epub 2011 Nov 25.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
