Pain — The Effect of Anxiety on Perioperative Pain: Patient and Provider Perception
Citation(s)
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Bierke S, Petersen W Influence of anxiety and pain catastrophizing on the course of pain within the first year after uncomplicated total knee replacement: a prospective study. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2017 Dec;137(12):1735-1742. doi: 10.1007/s00402-017-2797-5. Epub 2017 Sep 30.
Gorkem U, Togrul C, Sahiner Y, Yazla E, Gungor T Preoperative anxiety may increase postcesarean delivery pain and analgesic consumption. Minerva Anestesiol. 2016 Sep;82(9):974-80. Epub 2016 Mar 30.
Ip HY, Abrishami A, Peng PW, Wong J, Chung F Predictors of postoperative pain and analgesic consumption: a qualitative systematic review. Anesthesiology. 2009 Sep;111(3):657-77. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e3181aae87a. Review.
McCombe K, Bogod DG Learning from the Law. A review of 21 years of litigation for pain during caesarean section. Anaesthesia. 2018 Feb;73(2):223-230. doi: 10.1111/anae.14119. Epub 2017 Nov 1.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
