Pain — The Effect of Three Different Local Cold Applications on Pain and Ecchymosis in Subcutaneous Heparin Injections
Citation(s)
Akbari Sari A, Janani L, Mohammady M, Nedjat S Slow versus fast subcutaneous heparin injections for prevention of bruising and site-pain intensity. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Jul 18;(7):CD008077. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008077.pub3. Review. Update
Balci Akpinar R, Celebioglu A Effect of injection duration on bruising associated with subcutaneous heparin: a quasi-experimental within-subject design. Int J Nurs Stud. 2008 Jun;45(6):812-7. Epub 2007 Mar 30.
Cengiz Z, Özkan M Comparison of abdominal and arm areas in patients receiving subcutaneous heparin in terms of development of pain, hematoma, and ecchymosis. J Vasc Nurs. 2018 Dec;36(4):208-215. doi: 10.1016/j.jvn.2018.06.003. Epub 2018 Jul 10.
Collado-Mesa F, Net JM, Arheart K, Klevos GA, Yepes MM Application of a topical vapocoolant spray decreases pain at the site of initial intradermal anaesthetic injection during ultrasound-guided breast needle biopsy. Clin Radiol. 2015 Sep;70(9):938-42. d
Kuzu N, Ucar H The effect of cold on the occurrence of bruising, haematoma and pain at the injection site in subcutaneous low molecular weight heparin. Int J Nurs Stud. 2001 Feb;38(1):51-9.
Mohammady M, Janani L, Akbari Sari A Slow versus fast subcutaneous heparin injections for prevention of bruising and site pain intensity. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Nov 1;11:CD008077. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008077.pub5. Review. Update in: Cochrane
Palese A, Aidone E, Dante A, Pea F Occurrence and extent of bruising according to duration of administration of subcutaneous low-molecular-weight heparin: a quasi-experimental case-crossover study. J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2013 Sep-Oct;28(5):473-82. doi: 10.10
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The Effect of Three Different Local Cold Applications on Pain and Ecchymosis in Subcutaneous Heparin Injections
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
