Pain — Non-pharmacological Pain Management in Term Neonates
Citation(s)
Akdovan, T (1999). Assessment of pain in healthy newborns, investigation of the effect of the sucking and holding method. Turkey: Unpublisched Master's Dissertation. Marmara University Institute of Health Sciences, Istanbul. Retrived from: https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezSorguSonucYeni.jsp
Balci, S (2006). Effect of white noise in colicky baby. Turkey: Unpublished Master's Thesis, Marmara University Institute of Health Sciences, Istanbul. Retrived from: https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezSorguSonucYeni.jsp
Caglayan, N (2011). The effect on pain of manipulating the preterm neonate into the facilitated tucking during drawing of blood from the heel. Turkey: Unpublished Master Thesis. Istanbul University Health Sciences Institute, Istanbul. Retrived from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezSorguSonucYeni.jsp
Karakoç A, Türker F Effects of white noise and holding on pain perception in newborns. Pain Manag Nurs. 2014 Dec;15(4):864-70. doi: 10.1016/j.pmn.2014.01.002. Epub 2014 Feb 20.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
