Peabody JW, Luck J, Glassman P, Dresselhaus TR, Lee M Comparison of vignettes, standardized patients, and chart abstraction: a prospective validation study of 3 methods for measuring quality. JAMA. 2000 Apr 5;283(13):1715-22.
Schieber LZ, Guy GP Jr, Seth P, Young R, Mattson CL, Mikosz CA, Schieber RA Trends and Patterns of Geographic Variation in Opioid Prescribing Practices by State, United States, 2006-2017. JAMA Netw Open. 2019 Mar 1;2(3):e190665. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.0665. Erratum in: JAMA Netw Open. 2019 May 3;2(5):e194307.
Weigel PA, Ullrich F, Shane DM, Mueller KJ Variation in Primary Care Service Patterns by Rural-Urban Location. J Rural Health. 2016 Spring;32(2):196-203. doi: 10.1111/jrh.12146. Epub 2015 Sep 16.
Assessing Opioid Care Practices Using CPV Patient Simulation Modules to Improve Alignment With CDC Guidelines
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
