Pain — Vapocoolant Spray Used Prior to Intravenous (IV) Insertions
Citation(s)
Griffith RJ, Jordan V, Herd D, Reed PW, Dalziel SR Vapocoolants (cold spray) for pain treatment during intravenous cannulation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Apr 26;4:CD009484. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD009484.pub2. Review.
Levitt FC, Ziemba-Davis M An exploratory study of patient preferences for pain management during intravenous insertion: maybe we should sweat the small stuff. J Perianesth Nurs. 2013 Aug;28(4):223-32. doi: 10.1016/j.jopan.2012.11.008.
Mace SE Prospective, randomized, double-blind controlled trial comparing vapocoolant spray vs placebo spray in adults undergoing venipuncture. Am J Emerg Med. 2016 May;34(5):798-804. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2016.01.002. Epub 2016 Jan 7.
Will Patients Perceive a Vapocoolant Spray to be Effective in Reducing Pain and Increasing Satisfaction With Insertion at an Intravenous Site?
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
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Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
