Pain — Geriatric Ketamine for Pain Management Study
Citation(s)
Ahern TL, Herring AA, Miller S, Frazee BW Low-Dose Ketamine Infusion for Emergency Department Patients with Severe Pain. Pain Med. 2015 Jul;16(7):1402-9. doi: 10.1111/pme.12705. Epub 2015 Feb 3.
Lester L, Braude DA, Niles C, Crandall CS Low-dose ketamine for analgesia in the ED: a retrospective case series. Am J Emerg Med. 2010 Sep;28(7):820-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2009.07.023. Epub 2010 Apr 2.
Schmid RL, Sandler AN, Katz J Use and efficacy of low-dose ketamine in the management of acute postoperative pain: a review of current techniques and outcomes. Pain. 1999 Aug;82(2):111-25. Review.
Smith DC, Mader TJ, Smithline HA Low dose intravenous ketamine as an analgesic: a pilot study using an experimental model of acute pain. Am J Emerg Med. 2001 Oct;19(6):531-2.
Solomon DH, Rassen JA, Glynn RJ, Lee J, Levin R, Schneeweiss S The comparative safety of analgesics in older adults with arthritis. Arch Intern Med. 2010 Dec 13;170(22):1968-76. doi: 10.1001/archinternmed.2010.391. Erratum in: Arch Intern Med. 2011 Mar 14;171(5):403.
Low-Dose Ketamine Versus Morphine for Moderate to Severe Pain in the Emergency Department Geriatric Population: A Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blind Study.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
