Pain — Paracervical Block for Pain Associated With Laminaria Insertion
Citation(s)
Blanco LJ, Reid PR, King TM Plasma lidocaine levels following paracervical infiltration for aspiration abortion. Obstet Gynecol. 1982 Oct;60(4):506-8.
Borgatta L, Roncari D, Sonalkar S, Mark A, Hou MY, Finneseth M, Vragovic O Mifepristone vs. osmotic dilator insertion for cervical preparation prior to surgical abortion at 14-16 weeks: a randomized trial. Contraception. 2012 Nov;86(5):567-71. doi: 10.1016/j.contraception.2012.05.002. Epub 2012 Jun 6.
Drey EA, Benson LS, Sokoloff A, Steinauer JE, Roy G, Jackson RA Buccal misoprostol plus laminaria for cervical preparation before dilation and evacuation at 21-23 weeks of gestation: a randomized controlled trial. Contraception. 2014 Apr;89(4):307-13. doi: 10.1016/j.contraception.2013.10.013. Epub 2013 Nov 4.
Kan AS, Ng EH, Ho PC The role and comparison of two techniques of paracervical block for pain relief during suction evacuation for first-trimester pregnancy termination. Contraception. 2004 Aug;70(2):159-63.
Mercier RJ, Liberty A Intrauterine lidocaine for pain control during laminaria insertion: a randomized controlled trial. Contraception. 2014 Dec;90(6):594-600. doi: 10.1016/j.contraception.2014.07.008. Epub 2014 Jul 23.
Renner RM, Nichols MD, Jensen JT, Li H, Edelman AB Paracervical block for pain control in first-trimester surgical abortion: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2012 May;119(5):1030-7. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e318250b13e.
Paracervical Block for Pain Associated With Laminaria Insertion
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
