Pain — Paracervical Block for Pain Control With Osmotic Dilator Placement
Citation(s)
Cansino C, Edelman A, Burke A, Jamshidi R Paracervical block with combined ketorolac and lidocaine in first-trimester surgical abortion: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2009 Dec;114(6):1220-6. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181c1a55b.
Glantz JC, Shomento S Comparison of paracervical block techniques during first trimester pregnancy termination. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2001 Feb;72(2):171-8.
Jensen MP, Chen C, Brugger AM Interpretation of visual analog scale ratings and change scores: a reanalysis of two clinical trials of postoperative pain. J Pain. 2003 Sep;4(7):407-14.
Jones RK, Zolna MR, Henshaw SK, Finer LB Abortion in the United States: incidence and access to services, 2005. Perspect Sex Reprod Health. 2008 Mar;40(1):6-16. doi: 10.1363/4000608.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
