Pain — Pain Perception of Children and Youth Receiving Non-sedated Botulinum Toxin-A Injections Using the Buzzy®
Citation(s)
Canbulat N, Ayhan F, Inal S Effectiveness of external cold and vibration for procedural pain relief during peripheral intravenous cannulation in pediatric patients. Pain Manag Nurs. 2015 Feb;16(1):33-9. doi: 10.1016/j.pmn.2014.03.003. Epub 2014 Jun 7.
Koenig J, Jarczok MN, Ellis RJ, Hillecke TK, Thayer JF Heart rate variability and experimentally induced pain in healthy adults: a systematic review. Eur J Pain. 2014 Mar;18(3):301-14. doi: 10.1002/j.1532-2149.2013.00379.x. Epub 2013 Aug 6.
Lukban MB, Rosales RL, Dressler D Effectiveness of botulinum toxin A for upper and lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy: a summary of evidence. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2009 Mar;116(3):319-31. doi: 10.1007/s00702-008-0175-8. Epub 2009 Jan 14.
Moayedi M, Davis KD Theories of pain: from specificity to gate control. J Neurophysiol. 2013 Jan;109(1):5-12. doi: 10.1152/jn.00457.2012. Epub 2012 Oct 3.
Roy EA, Hollins M, Maixner W Reduction of TMD pain by high-frequency vibration: a spatial and temporal analysis. Pain. 2003 Feb;101(3):267-274. doi: 10.1016/S0304-3959(02)00332-9. Erratum In: Pain. 2003 Aug;104(3):717.
Russell K, Nicholson R, Naidu R Reducing the pain of intramuscular benzathine penicillin injections in the rheumatic fever population of Counties Manukau District Health Board. J Paediatr Child Health. 2014 Feb;50(2):112-7. doi: 10.1111/jpc.12400. Epub 2013 Oct 18.
Sharma P, Czyz CN, Wulc AE Investigating the efficacy of vibration anesthesia to reduce pain from cosmetic botulinum toxin injections. Aesthet Surg J. 2011 Nov;31(8):966-71. doi: 10.1177/1090820X11422809. Epub 2011 Oct 14.
Uman LS, Chambers CT, McGrath PJ, Kisely S A systematic review of randomized controlled trials examining psychological interventions for needle-related procedural pain and distress in children and adolescents: an abbreviated cochrane review. J Pediatr Psychol. 2008 Sep;33(8):842-54. doi: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsn031. Epub 2008 Apr 2.
Whelan HM, Kunselman AR, Thomas NJ, Moore J, Tamburro RF The impact of a locally applied vibrating device on outpatient venipuncture in children. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2014 Oct;53(12):1189-95. doi: 10.1177/0009922814538494. Epub 2014 Jun 12.
Pain Perception of Children and Youth Receiving Non-sedated Botulinum Toxin-A Injections Using the Buzzy®
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
