NCT01641471 - Clinical Trial References

Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.

Citation(s)

Arvidsson I, Eriksson E
Postoperative TENS pain relief after knee surgery: objective evaluation. Orthopedics. 1986 Oct;9(10):1346-51.
Bjordal JM, Johnson MI, Ljunggreen AE
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) can reduce postoperative analgesic consumption. A meta-analysis with assessment of optimal treatment parameters for postoperative pain. Eur J Pain. 2003;7(2):181-8.
Breit R, Van der Wall H
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for postoperative pain relief after total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2004 Jan;19(1):45-8.
Cornell PE, Lopez AL, Malofsky H
Pain reduction with transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation after foot surgery. J Foot Surg. 1984 Jul-Aug;23(4):326-33.

Prospective Evaluation of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) for Pain Relief Following Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA)

Clinical trial NCT01641471 - References