Pain, Postoperative — Pain Injection Versus Epidural Anesthesia for Hip Surgery in Pediatric Patients With Cerebral Palsy
Citation(s)
Andersen KV, Pfeiffer-Jensen M, Haraldsted V, Soballe K Reduced hospital stay and narcotic consumption, and improved mobilization with local and intraarticular infiltration after hip arthroplasty: a randomized clinical trial of an intraarticular technique versus epidural infusion in 80 patients. Acta Orthop. 2007 Apr;78(2):180-6. doi: 10.1080/17453670710013654.
Koehler D, Marsh JL, Karam M, Fruehling C, Willey M Efficacy of Surgical-Site, Multimodal Drug Injection Following Operative Management of Femoral Fractures: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2017 Mar 15;99(6):512-519. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.16.00733.
Laron D, Kelley J, Chidambaran V, McCarthy J Fascia Iliaca Pain Block Results in Lower Overall Opioid Usage and Shorter Hospital Stays than Epidural Anesthesia After Hip Reconstruction in Children With Cerebral Palsy. J Pediatr Orthop. 2022 Feb 1;42(2):96-99. doi: 10.1097/BPO.0000000000002028.
Peters CL, Shirley B, Erickson J The effect of a new multimodal perioperative anesthetic regimen on postoperative pain, side effects, rehabilitation, and length of hospital stay after total joint arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2006 Sep;21(6 Suppl 2):132-8. doi: 10.1016/j.arth.2006.04.017.
Piper NA, Flack SH, Loeser JD, Lynn AM Epidural analgesia in a patient with an intrathecal catheter and subcutaneous pump to deliver baclofen. Paediatr Anaesth. 2006 Sep;16(9):989-92. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9592.2006.01908.x.
Tabaie S, Shah A, Tarawneh O, Blaylock G, Sheppard E, Cho K Use of Epidural Analgesia in Children With Neuromuscular Conditions Following Hip Reconstruction. Cureus. 2022 Oct 20;14(10):e30522. doi: 10.7759/cureus.30522. eCollection 2022 Oct.
Uesugi K, Kitano N, Kikuchi T, Sekiguchi M, Konno S Comparison of peripheral nerve block with periarticular injection analgesia after total knee arthroplasty: a randomized, controlled study. Knee. 2014 Aug;21(4):848-52. doi: 10.1016/j.knee.2014.04.008. Epub 2014 Apr 18.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
