Pain, Postoperative — Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Chronic Neuropathic Pain
Citation(s)
Apkarian AV, Baliki MN, Geha PY Towards a theory of chronic pain. Prog Neurobiol. 2009 Feb;87(2):81-97. doi: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2008.09.018. Epub 2008 Oct 5.
Chou YH, Ton That V, Chen AY, Sundman M, Huang YZ TMS-induced seizure cases stratified by population, stimulation protocol, and stimulation site: A systematic literature search. Clin Neurophysiol. 2020 May;131(5):1019-1020. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2020.02.008. Epub 2020 Mar 3. No abstract available.
Lerner AJ, Wassermann EM, Tamir DI Seizures from transcranial magnetic stimulation 2012-2016: Results of a survey of active laboratories and clinics. Clin Neurophysiol. 2019 Aug;130(8):1409-1416. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2019.03.016. Epub 2019 Apr 6.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
