Pain, Postoperative — The Effect of Foot Massage on Pain, Sleep Quality and Early Discharge in Patients Undergoing Spinal Surgery
Citation(s)
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Emslie MJ, Campbell MK, Walker KA Changes in public awareness of, attitudes to, and use of complementary therapy in North East Scotland: surveys in 1993 and 1999. Complement Ther Med. 2002 Sep;10(3):148-53. doi: 10.1016/s0965229902000663.
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Lu WA, Chen GY, Kuo CD Foot reflexology can increase vagal modulation, decrease sympathetic modulation, and lower blood pressure in healthy subjects and patients with coronary artery disease. Altern Ther Health Med. 2011 Jul-Aug;17(4):8-14.
Mahdavipour F, Rahemi Z, Sadat Z, Ajorpaz NM The effects of foot reflexology on depression during menopause: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Complement Ther Med. 2019 Dec;47:102195. doi: 10.1016/j.ctim.2019.102195. Epub 2019 Sep 14.
The Effect of Foot Massage on Pain, Sleep Quality and Early Discharge in Patients Undergoing Spinal Surgery
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
