Kleif J, Waage J, Christensen KB, Gögenur I Systematic review of the QoR-15 score, a patient- reported outcome measure measuring quality of recovery after surgery and anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth. 2018 Jan;120(1):28-36. doi: 10.1016/j.bja.2017.11.013. Epub 2017 Nov 22.
Lahtinen P, Kokki H, Hynynen M Pain after cardiac surgery: a prospective cohort study of 1-year incidence and intensity. Anesthesiology. 2006 Oct;105(4):794-800.
McIsaac DI, Cole ET, McCartney CJ Impact of including regional anaesthesia in enhanced recovery protocols: a scoping review. Br J Anaesth. 2015 Dec;115 Suppl 2:ii46-56. doi: 10.1093/bja/aev376. Review.
Ueshima H, Hara E, Marui T, Otake H RETRACTED: The ultrasound-guided transversus thoracic muscle plane block is effective for the median sternotomy. J Clin Anesth. 2016 Mar;29:83. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2015.10.014. Epub 2016 Feb 9.
Chest Wall Block After Sternotomy: Randomized Controlled Trial in Cardiac Surgery: (PABLOS Study)
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
