Pain, Postoperative — Anesthetic Optimization in Pediatric LeFort Surgeries
Citation(s)
Gleizal A, Di Rocco F, Chauvel-Picard J Indications of Lefort osteotomies for facial deformities induced by craniosynostosis. Neurochirurgie. 2019 Nov;65(5):279-285. doi: 10.1016/j.neuchi.2019.10.002. Epub 2019 Oct 16. No abstract available.
Krishna SG, Bryant JF, Tobias JD Management of the Difficult Airway in the Pediatric Patient. J Pediatr Intensive Care. 2018 Sep;7(3):115-125. doi: 10.1055/s-0038-1624576. Epub 2018 Jan 28.
Lopez MM, Zech D, Linton JL, Blackwell SJ Dexmedetomidine Decreases Postoperative Pain and Narcotic Use in Children Undergoing Alveolar Bone Graft Surgery. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2018 May;55(5):688-691. doi: 10.1177/1055665618754949. Epub 2018 Feb 15.
Posnick JC, Choi E, Chavda A Operative Time, Airway Management, Need for Blood Transfusions, and In-Hospital Stay for Bimaxillary, Intranasal, and Osseous Genioplasty Surgery: Current Clinical Practices. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2016 Mar;74(3):590-600. doi: 10.1016/j.joms.2015.07.026. Epub 2015 Aug 5.
Precious DS, McFadden LR, Fitch SJ Orthognathic surgery for children. Analysis of 88 consecutive cases. Int J Oral Surg. 1985 Dec;14(6):466-71. doi: 10.1016/s0300-9785(85)80051-x.
SADOVE MS Anesthetic management for maxillofacial surgery. Ill Med J. 1956 Nov;110(5):227-31. No abstract available.
Tewari A, Singh G, Mishra M, Gaur A, Mallan D Comparative Evaluation of Hypotensive and Normotensive Anesthesia on LeFort I Osteotomies: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Prospective Clinical Study. J Maxillofac Oral Surg. 2020 Jun;19(2):240-245. doi: 10.1007/s12663-019-01325-7. Epub 2020 Jan 17.
Wong GB, Nargozian C, Padwa BL Anesthetic concerns of external maxillary distraction osteogenesis. J Craniofac Surg. 2004 Jan;15(1):78-81. doi: 10.1097/00001665-200401000-00022.
Anesthetic Optimization in Pediatric LeFort Surgeries
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
