Pain, Postoperative — Liposomal Bupivacaine After Cesarean Delivery
Citation(s)
Bamigboye AA, Hofmeyr GJ Local anaesthetic wound infiltration and abdominal nerves block during caesarean section for postoperative pain relief. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Jul 8;(3):CD006954. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006954.pub2. Review.
Bamigboye AA, Justus HG Ropivacaine abdominal wound infiltration and peritoneal spraying at cesarean delivery for preemptive analgesia. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2008 Aug;102(2):160-4. doi: 10.1016/j.ijgo.2008.03.019. Epub 2008 Jun 9.
Chahar P, Cummings KC 3rd Liposomal bupivacaine: a review of a new bupivacaine formulation. J Pain Res. 2012;5:257-64. doi: 10.2147/JPR.S27894. Epub 2012 Aug 14.
Sammour T, Kahokehr A, Soop M, Hill AG Peritoneal damage: the inflammatory response and clinical implications of the neuro-immuno-humoral axis. World J Surg. 2010 Apr;34(4):704-20. doi: 10.1007/s00268-009-0382-y. Review.
State of Ohio Board of Pharmacy 2019 OARRS Rules Update - Spring 2019; Rules Update - Drug Distributors - Spring 2019; Rules Update - Terminal Distributors - Spring 2019; 2018. 2nd and 3rd Quarter - Rule Update pharmacy.ohio.gov
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
