Pain, Postoperative — Does Midazolam Affect Postoperative Pain?
Citation(s)
Coulthard P, Rood JP An investigation of the effect of midazolam on the pain experience. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1992 Aug;30(4):248-51.
Day MA, Rich MA, Thorn BE, Berbaum ML, Mangieri EA A placebo-controlled trial of midazolam as an adjunct to morphine patient-controlled analgesia after spinal surgery. J Clin Anesth. 2014 Jun;26(4):300-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2013.12.011. Epub 2014 Jun 2.
Frölich MA, Zhang K, Ness TJ Effect of sedation on pain perception. Anesthesiology. 2013 Mar;118(3):611-21. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e318281592d.
Hasani A, Maloku H, Sallahu F, Gashi V, Ozgen SU Preemptive analgesia with midazolam and diclofenac for hernia repair pain. Hernia. 2011 Jun;15(3):267-72. doi: 10.1007/s10029-010-0772-y. Epub 2010 Dec 28.
Ong CK, Seymour RA, Tan JM Sedation with midazolam leads to reduced pain after dental surgery. Anesth Analg. 2004 May;98(5):1289-93, table of contents.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
