Pain, Postoperative — A Comparison of Tumescence in Breast Reduction Surgery
Citation(s)
Christie BM, Kapur S, Kempton SJ, Hanson SE, Ma Y, Rao VK A Prospective Randomized Trial Comparing the Effects of Lidocaine in Breast Reduction Surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2017 May;139(5):1074e-1079e. doi: 10.1097/PRS.0000000000003243.
Cleeland CS, Ryan KM Pain assessment: global use of the Brief Pain Inventory. Ann Acad Med Singap. 1994 Mar;23(2):129-38. Review.
Heller L, Kowalski AM, Wei C, Butler CE Prospective, randomized, double-blind trial of local anesthetic infusion and intravenous narcotic patient-controlled anesthesia pump for pain management after free TRAM flap breast reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2008 Oct;122(4):1010-8. doi: 10.1097/PRS.0b013e3181858c09.
Klein JA Tumescent technique for regional anesthesia permits lidocaine doses of 35 mg/kg for liposuction. J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1990 Mar;16(3):248-63. Review.
Kryger ZB, Rawlani V, Lu L, Fine NA Decreased postoperative pain, narcotic, and antiemetic use after breast reduction using a local anesthetic pain pump. Ann Plast Surg. 2008 Aug;61(2):147-52. doi: 10.1097/SAP.0b013e31815a23ef.
Larson JD, Gutowski KA, Marcus BC, Rao VK, Avery PG, Stacey DH, Yang RZ The effect of electroacustimulation on postoperative nausea, vomiting, and pain in outpatient plastic surgery patients: a prospective, randomized, blinded, clinical trial. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2010 Mar;125(3):989-94. doi: 10.1097/PRS.0b013e3181ccdc23.
Lu L, Fine NA The efficacy of continuous local anesthetic infiltration in breast surgery: reduction mammaplasty and reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2005 Jun;115(7):1927-34; discussion 1935-6.
Ostad A, Kageyama N, Moy RL Tumescent anesthesia with a lidocaine dose of 55 mg/kg is safe for liposuction. Dermatol Surg. 1996 Nov;22(11):921-7.
Rawlani V, Kryger ZB, Lu L, Fine NA A local anesthetic pump reduces postoperative pain and narcotic and antiemetic use in breast reconstruction surgery: a randomized controlled trial. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2008 Jul;122(1):39-52. doi: 10.1097/PRS.0b013e3181774349.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
